➤ A follower of the "message beneath the message", as Roland Barthes would say, the semiologist is above all a detective of language and helps you in this sense: he sees meaning, deciphers and carefully analyzes the signs that surround him to interpret their meaning, reports on the effects of meaning, the connotations and the implicit present in the communication. He starts from the surface signs visible to all to bring out the latent meanings. His interest is most often focused on the phenomena "on the margin", at first glance not very significant, which are located behind the scenes, rather than on stage. In short, all these elements not necessarily visible at first glance. What applies to semiological analysis? Everything: Images, logos, websites, gestures, behaviors, words, speeches, symbols, spaces, in short everything that allows humanity to communicate. On the other hand, the semiological method cannot be invented since it is very specific. Like an iceberg, it is a question of going from superficial and visible signs to latent signs and meanings. ➤ A fascinating discipline, semiology and the analysis of gestures, behaviors and verbal & non-verbal language allows us to decipher the signs of our personal and professional daily lives. In a political speech, on an advertisement, or through our gestures in the professional and personal context, our words and behaviors, the narration of signs mark a certain relationship to the world. ➤ By learning to dissect the meaning of words and gestures, semiology allows us to take a particular look at the coherence of communication and its relevance (versus the opposite), to understand the details of our own speech, and then to make good use of it. ➤ Thus, from the semiological methodology (rigorous, specific, objectifying), verbal, graphic, symbolic and behavioral identities can emerge. ➤ Finally, semiology is neither a matter of philosophy (it only operates from one or more corpora, concrete materials to be analyzed) nor of psychology (it is less interested in intentions than in the signs produced). It is an analysis, a look at one's own communication and that of others which allows one to react better intuitively. ➤ This is why these sessions are intended to be above all practical: filmed exercises, analysis of images to be dissected and then implementation of techniques / tools / methodology which will help you in your daily life, to improve your verbal and non-verbal language but also to decipher and understand that of others. ➤ Among the content browsed: 1) identify and act on behaviors: -transmission of acquired knowledge on non-verbal communication in order to quickly detect intentions -immersive team-building mode to bring out helpful behaviors (despite the saboteurs) 2) Profiling - Diagnose and guide based on a written or visual corpus: -build the storytelling -bring out a type of profile -understand insights 3) Brand Strategy - Create a new brand, company or personal positioning 4) Concrete techniques & a targeted methodology for: ✓Acquire practical tools to improve your rhetoric/repartee ✓Decode and use the practical communication tools of great leaders ✓Fundamentals (practices) of eloquence but also of oratorical art (intonation, gaze, gestures, elocution, range, emotions, pronunciation, development of one's own style of charisma, etc.) to ensure consistency between content and the form ✓Fundamentals of Body Language to support and not interfere with the speech while being convinced & convincing. ✓ Highlighting their speech & promoting their speaking to arouse interest, by building on their strengths. ✓Creation of a coherence between the message emitted & the message received in order to improve its speech and in fact, its professional/personal relations. ✓Management of Q&A sessions & external reactions during an intervention or an oral exchange. ✓Practical tools to put your interlocutor at ease and appear friendly/interested. ✓To succeed in a negotiation/mediation. ✓On the one hand, learning to say 'no' simply in three steps AND on the other hand, getting people to say 'yes'. ✓To turn sentences into positive AND constructive. ✓To manage conflicts (eg 'assertive' communication techniques, eg CNV techniques - Non Violent Communication). ✓To put NLP (neuro-linguistic programming) at the service of communication. ✓To adopt effective, simple, fair and engaging language. ✓To use sentences, turns of phrase & expressions allowing to be precise, simple, effective & challenging. ✓To manage your personal & professional relationships with, for example, the preparation of your ratings. ✓Make your hypersensitivity a strength to tame your abilities. ✓Listening proactively and expressing / conveying ideas / message clearly. ✓Avoid letting your emotions show and propose a constructive solution to problems, while drawing on your own relational skills. ✓Be better equipped to recognize and immediately remedy situations that weaken their authority and affect their ability to communicate effectively. ✓Enhance their potential for expression and creativity (often underestimated until now) and 'apparent' sociability ✓Develop not necessarily self-confidence, but the 'appearance' of self-confidence, refine one's listening to respond adequately, open up to the resources of the imagination, free oneself from the rational to then structure one's speech. ✓Relate their communication objectives (project, institution, values, ideas, demands, etc.) to the form of their expression. ✓Learn and put into practice persuasive communication techniques and better understand the perception that others have of oneself. In order to improve his skills of 'self-presentation' and conveyed image. ✓Practical techniques to foster the engagement of the other party. ✓Strengthen the structure of its communication and develop a convincing argument in order to sell its ideas and projects. ✓ Optimizing internal and external relationships are professional fundamentals so that the structure of sessions, business dialogue and mastery of change communication are valuable. ✓ Decode advertisements, logos and slogans, Understand the impact of images and symbols on our emotions, Analyze cultural trends across the media, Create your own visual messages with formidable efficiency ✓ Analysis of non-verbal communication: - paralinguistic level: voice analysis, intonations, speech rate (...) - proxemic level: analysis of the distance between bodies/individuals - kinesic level: analysis of postures, gestures and facial expressions - infralinguistic level: analysis of physiological changes (dilation of pupils, blushing, sweating, etc.) - symbolic level: analysis of what adorns the body such as clothing, badges, tattoos (...) ➤ The semiologist or semiotician is led to specialize in certain universes, whether it is luxury, mass consumption or behavioral and body dynamics. His analyst side (linguist, semantician, semiologist, semiotician) and lecturer on the themes of negotiation and non-verbal communication will support your approach. ➤ So, discover the hidden secrets of signs if you are curious to understand the mechanisms behind advertisements, works of art, films or even social networks, if you want to learn to decipher hidden messages and analyze the signs that influence our thoughts and actions on a daily basis. As part of a fun and interactive learning experience, with concrete exercises for a captivating immersion. ➤ In short, in a context guided by the tools of semiology, the ability to speak in public is today an essential transversal skill to assert oneself, inform, negotiate and convince. However, to master the keys to successful public communication, it is necessary to strengthen the impact of one's own speeches: by structuring one's interventions and taking into account the circumstances and expectations of the audience; by making an impression through storytelling; by integrating the psychological and emotional factors of effective oral communication; by integrating emotions into the preparation of the message and arguments; by anticipating objections and delicate situations; by preparing and structuring an attractive and convincing presentation framework; by experimenting with the rules of improvisation; by adequately managing difficult situations (...). ➤ Whether your goal is personal or professional, speaking is a predominantly physical activity, relying on a body, a voice, a breath, a rhythm (diction), an emotion and above all techniques, tools, a method, a know-how, reflecting the involvement of the speaker in his speech, all guided by the principles of semiology and behavioral analysis. ➤ So, how do you listen and be listened to, convince and be impactful, challenge and make an impression, enhance your content, address your audience appropriately and optimize the quality and clarity of the exchange/message? It is precisely about going through, implementing and deploying practical and effective techniques of oral presentation, simple intervention or 'one to one` exchange, aimed at challenging your audience or interlocutor, taking care of the content as well as the form, all in a professional or personal setting. For this, there are verbal and non-verbal communication techniques, based on semiology. ➤ Thus, mastered, the practical method allows, through a set of simulations and scenarios based on your daily experience supporting pragmatic & concrete techniques, to improve self-confidence, assurance, ease by overcoming embarrassment and controlling emotion in public. But also to work on leadership & charisma, in a context where empathy and emotional intelligence are at the service of communication, all based on the founding principles of semiology. ➤ To master the keys to successful public communication, it is necessary to master certain practical aspects of semiology, to strengthen the impact of your speeches: by structuring your interventions and taking into account the circumstances and expectations of the audience; by making an impression through storytelling; by integrating the psychological and emotional factors of effective oral communication; by integrating emotions into the preparation of the message and arguments; by anticipating objections and delicate situations; by preparing and structuring an attractive and convincing presentation framework; by experimenting with the rules of improvisation; by adequately managing difficult situations (...). ➤ In short, each session combines techniques & practical exercises adapted to your daily situations (filmed with your agreement in order to be reviewed, commented on, decoded together live), so that you can apply them immediately, and from the 1st session. 🚀 Discover the Hidden Secrets of Signs. Dive into the fascinating world of semiology with our practical training! Are you curious to understand the mechanisms behind written or oral communication? Learn to decipher hidden messages and analyze the signs that influence our thoughts and actions on a daily basis, with fun and interactive learning: Beyond theory, you will participate in concrete exercises, case studies to master the art of communication. Join us for a captivating immersion in one of the most exciting fields of human sciences! THE TRAINER ➤ With training from Grande Ecole post-preparatory classes & Ivy League university in the United States, our teacher trainer has specialized and has worked for more than 15 years in the field, in Europe and North America, in renowned international public and private establishments, regularly speaking in forums and conferences, and also offering personalized INDIVIDUAL support, with pedagogy and careful methodology as the watchwords. ➤ PLACE, TIMETABLE, PRICES ✓ Locations: Geneva-Lausanne-Fribourg-Zurich-Neuchâtel-Lugano-Basel-Neuchâtel-Berne-Lucerne-Brussels-Luxembourg-Paris-Lyon. But currently, these sessions continue to be offered by videoconference in the current context and in accordance with general demand which is almost unanimous on this subject. ✓ Indeed, apart from the classic advantages of videoconferencing (time saving related to travel & their unforeseen events, eco-responsibility, increased schedule flexibility, etc.), the quality of the session & the interaction remain identical. In addition, the entire exchange, notes and recommendations are immediately transcribed on the dedicated chat. ✓ To support us among ourselves & to be pleasant to you in this sustainable / particular period and in a spirit of solidarity, the fees are temporarily reduced and will not increase after the start of our sessions. ✓ Languages: French/English. ✓ The progress following these private sessions is perceptible from 1 to 2 sessions (*2024 study). ✓ As other people do regularly, you can also please your loved ones by offering gift vouchers available all year round.

Behavioral analysis uses principles of behavior to solve practical everyday problems. Starting from observations, several hypotheses are put forward, without ever judging, to decode and decipher gestures, words, a way of expressing oneself (...). Based on empathy, these methods allow: - on the one hand, to understand his interlocutor and to adapt to the situation to effectively transmit his messages and convince - on the other hand, to improve one's own verbal and non-verbal communication with a verified methodology and very specific techniques Therefore, it is not only a question of learning to 'decode' the other but also of improving one's skills during oral interventions in public, better managing one's personal/professional communication & the conflicts which result from it, mastering the negotiation techniques (...): your objectives in terms of communication can be diverse and the objective of these sessions is precisely to accompany you to better achieve them. So how do you get a clear message across, make a difference & make an impression? ➤ So, how to listen and be listened to, convince and be impactful, challenge and make an impression, enhance your content, address your audience effectively and optimize the quality & clarity of the exchange / message? It is precisely a question of going through, applying and deploying practical and effective techniques of oral presentation, of simple intervention or of 'one to one` exchange, aiming to challenge your audience or interlocutor, by taking care of the substance as well as the form. , all in a professional or personal context. For this, there are various techniques of verbal and non-verbal communication. ➤ Thus, mastered, the practical method allows, through a set of simulations and scenarios based on your daily experience to support pragmatic & concrete techniques, to decode the gestures and behaviors of its interlocutors but also to improve confidence in self, his confidence, his ease by overcoming his embarrassment and mastering his emotion in public. But also to work on his leadership & his charisma, in a context where empathy and emotional intelligence are at the service of communication. ➤ So, in this context, after having precisely defined your objective & gone through the blockages encountered, here are some examples of themes covered through concrete techniques & a targeted methodology: ✓Practical tools to perfect your rhetoric/repartee ✓Decode and use the practical communication tools of great leaders ✓Fundamentals (practices) of eloquence but also of public speaking (intonation, gaze, gestures, elocution, range, emotions, pronunciation, development of one's own style of charisma) to ensure consistency between substance & form ✓Fundamentals of Body Language to support and not interfere with the speech while being convinced & convincing. ✓ Highlighting their speech & promoting their speaking to arouse interest, by building on their strengths. ✓Creation of a coherence between the message emitted & the message received in order to improve its speech and in fact, its professional/personal relations. ✓Management of Q&A sessions & external reactions during an intervention or an oral exchange. ✓Practical tools to put your interlocutor at ease and appear friendly/interested. ✓To succeed in a negotiation/mediation. ✓On the one hand, learning to say 'no' simply in three steps AND on the other hand, getting people to say 'yes'. ✓To turn sentences into positive AND constructive. ✓To manage conflicts (eg 'assertive' communication techniques, eg CNV techniques - Non Violent Communication). ✓To put NLP (neuro-linguistic programming) at the service of communication. ✓To adopt effective, simple, fair and engaging language. ✓To use sentences, turns of phrase & expressions allowing to be precise, simple, effective & challenging. ✓To manage your personal & professional relationships with, for example, the preparation of your ratings. ✓Make your hypersensitivity a strength to tame your abilities. ✓Listening proactively and expressing / conveying ideas / message clearly. ✓ Avoid letting your emotions show through and propose a constructive solution to problems, while drawing on your own relational skills. ✓Be better equipped to recognize and immediately remedy situations that weaken their authority and affect their ability to communicate effectively. ✓Enhance their potential for expression and creativity (often underestimated until now) and 'apparent' sociability ✓Develop not necessarily self-confidence, but the 'appearance' of self-confidence, refine one's listening to respond adequately, open up to the resources of the imagination, free oneself from the rational to then structure one's speech. ✓Relate their communication objectives (project, institution, values, ideas, demands, etc.) to the form of their expression. ✓Learn and put into practice persuasive communication techniques and better understand the perception that others have of oneself. In order to improve his skills of 'self-presentation' and conveyed image. ✓Practical techniques to foster the engagement of the other party. ✓Strengthen the structure of its communication and develop a convincing argument in order to sell its ideas and projects. (...) ➤ To master the keys to successful public communication, it is advisable to reinforce the impact of one's speeches: by structuring one's interventions and taking into account the circumstances and expectations of the public; by making an impression through storytelling; integrating the psychological and emotional factors of effective oral communication; integrating emotions in the preparation of the message and the arguments; anticipating objections and delicate situations; by preparing and structuring an attractive and convincing presentation framework; by experimenting with the rules of improvisation; by adequately managing difficult situations (...). ➤ In short, each session combines techniques & practical exercises adapted to your daily situations (filmed with your agreement in order to be reviewed, commented on, decoded together live), so that you can apply them immediately, and from the 1st session. ➤ THE TRAINER Trained in a Grande Ecole post-preparatory European classes & Ivy League university in the United States, our teacher has specialized and has worked for more than 15 years, in Europe and North America, in the field of communication, in renowned international public and private establishments, intervening in forums and conferences, & oriented towards pedagogy and careful methodology. ➤ PLACE, TIMETABLE, PRICES ✓ Locations: Geneva-Lausanne-Fribourg-Zurich-Neuchâtel-Lugano-Montreux-Basel-Neuchâtel-Bern-Lucerne-Brussels-Luxembourg-Paris-Lyon. But currently, these sessions continue to be offered by videoconference in the current context and in accordance with general demand which is almost unanimous on this subject. ✓ Indeed, apart from the classic advantages of videoconferencing (time saving related to travel & their unforeseen events, eco-responsibility, increased schedule flexibility, etc.), the quality of the session & the interaction remain identical. In addition, the entire exchange, notes and recommendations are immediately transcribed on the dedicated chat. ✓ To support us among ourselves & to be pleasant to you in this sustainable / particular period and in a spirit of solidarity, the fees are temporarily reduced and will not increase after the start of our sessions. ✓ Languages: French/English. ✓ The progress following these private sessions is perceptible from 1 to 2 sessions (*2024 study). ✓ As other people do regularly, you can also please your loved ones by offering gift vouchers available all year round. CONTACT / PROGRAM ✓ A la carte program: evaluated and adapted to each need.

Hi, my name is Katherine. I am a native English speaker from Perth, Western Australia (with a very subdued Australian accent). I am a musician, singer and singing teacher/vocal coach, and have a degree in Mass Communications (Public Relations and Journalism). I have been teaching singing for 13 years and also have extensive professional corporate experience, spanning over 11 years, working for companies such as Microsoft, Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and was the personal assistant to John Butler (John Butler Trio) and Danielle Caruana (Mama Kin) for 5.5 years. My high level of written and verbal communications skills, coupled with my teaching experience, allows me to help students improve their level of English in the following areas: - Conversation - Writing - Spelling and grammar - Vocabulary - Accent - Public speaking - Interviews I welcome students of all levels and adapt each lesson to each individual student. If you would like to improve your English, please contact me. Thank you in advance, Katherine

Public speaking is one of the scariest things for human beings. For some, it can be extremely debilitating and hinder their careers. But this apprehension concerns a very large percentage of the population and crosses all categories of age, gender or socio-professional background. If you are in this case, you can therefore start by reassuring yourself: you are not alone! The second good news is that it can be worked on! It is by practicing that you will learn to lower your stress level, to be more aware of what you have to do and to prepare yourself well. To practice, I offer private lessons: a caring and demanding framework that will allow me to adapt to your specific needs. Once you have understood your fears and learned to overcome them, speaking (in public, in meetings) may become a great source of pleasure!

FR: Chers apprenants, Je suis française et je maîtrise cette langue car c’est ma langue maternelle. J’ai également étudié la littérature française et la littérature anglaise à l’université. Je parle couramment l’anglais et je travaille et vis à Londres. Je peux vous enseigner la langue de la même manière que je l’ai apprise : de façon agréable et facile. Je suis ravie d’enseigner à la fois aux jeunes étudiants et aux adultes, que vous soyez débutant ou intermédiaire. Contactez-moi :) EN: Dear learners, I am French, and I master this language as it is my native tongue. I have also studied French literature and English literature at Uni. I speak English fluently and work and live in London. I can teach you the language the way I learned it: enjoyably and with ease. I am pleased to teach both young students and adults, whether you are a beginner or intermediate. Contact me :)

Whether you want to start learning English, look for tutoring in English or are just looking for someone to talk to in English, I would love to help you with that. I am offering individual English classes, adjusted to your personal needs. For that, I am ready to meet with you in the context you prefer and think would help you the most, whether that be in a cafe, at your location or at my location. A little about myself: I am a 21-year-old young professional from Austria, born and raised in the beautiful Alps in Innsbruck. My experience in tutoring includes various subjects: English, German, Mathematics and Geography. I am passionate about meeting people and being able to share my knowledge. Throughout the last years I have studied and worked in English environments and have thus gained full proficiency and a level of C2. Besides English, I am fully proficient in German, have an intermediate understanding of Dutch and Italian, as well as basic knowledge of French. In my free time, I love hiking, travelling (mostly by train), and making music. I’m sure we'd have a lot to talk about, and I promise to make sure the classes fit your interests! Que vous souhaitiez commencer à apprendre l'anglais, que vous recherchiez un soutien scolaire en anglais ou que vous cherchiez simplement quelqu'un avec qui parler en anglais, je serais ravie de vous aider. Je propose des cours d'anglais individuels, adaptés à vos besoins personnels. Pour cela, je suis prête à vous rencontrer dans le contexte que vous préférez et qui vous aidera le plus, que ce soit dans un café, chez vous ou chez moi. Quelques mots sur moi : Je suis une jeune professionnelle autrichienne de 21 ans, née et élevée dans les magnifiques Alpes à Innsbruck. J'ai de l'expérience dans le domaine du tutorat dans différentes matières : Anglais, Allemand, Mathématiques et Géographie. Je suis passionné par les rencontres et le partage de mes connaissances. Au cours des dernières années, j'ai étudié et travaillé dans des environnements anglais et j'ai ainsi acquis une compétence complète et un niveau C2. Outre l'anglais, je maîtrise parfaitement l'allemand, j'ai une compréhension intermédiaire du néerlandais et de l'italien, ainsi qu'une connaissance de base du français. Pendant mon temps libre, j'aime faire de la randonnée, voyager (surtout en train) et faire de la musique. Je suis sûre que nous aurons beaucoup de choses à nous dire, et je promets de m'assurer que les cours correspondent à vos intérêts !

Hello everyone and welcome to my English and or German lessons taught in group. I organise English and German lessons for children and teenagers and separately adult English group lessons (beginners to advanced). For children and teenagers, interactive activities are used as a way to motivate them, help them remember what they have learned in class and make sure they will be able to apply their language skills in real life context. For the adults lessons, depending on what the students are willing to learn, we can have discussions based on the news, some grammar, writing... I am open to any suggestions, just tell me your needs and I am going to adapt the next lessons for you. If you wish to invite your friends and make a group with them, just let me know and I will allocate you a time slot. For private English lessons, please have a look at my other advertisements. The German lessons are usually for beginners/ intermediate (exceptionally advanced levels in German can be organised only if there is a high-demand). Don't hesitate to contact me should you have further questions. It would be a huge pleasure to integrate you in one of my classes. :-) Lessons usually last 50 minutes.

I offer fun private lessons to gain self-confidence if you are afraid of speaking in public. Courses in eloquence, public speaking and public speaking. Tips for speaking up and being heard! helps to recite a text / set the tone write a convincing speech/monologue help for an oral/poetry/oral exam... Do not hesitate to contact me to discuss and meet to see if our ways of working can work!

Hello, The objective of this course will be to give you more or less general elements, according to your needs, in order to acquire the basics, or to deepen your knowledge of public speaking, rhetoric, public speaking. Whether you want to prepare for your Grand Oral, a public speaking competition, or a public presentation, I will give you the necessary elements to produce a clear, structured, impactful speech. I hope to meet you very soon, to share with you my passion, perhaps also yours, for public speaking!

English is the most commonly used language and is the most popular second language to learn. Don't take your English skills for granted and take lessons with me to improve your English skills. For children learning a second language, or adults wanting to improve their conversational or professional english skills, I am here to help. With access to the American Library in Paris, I have plentiful resources in books available to help improve reading.

ABOUT VALENTINE: I am a polyglot language tutor who lived in England for five years and speaks English my whole life. I graduated university in England and I achieved a TEFL certificate to teach English as a Foreign language. 
I have a C2 proficient CAE certificate, TEFL certificate and I study three other languages (Korean, German and Spanish).
 I offer online and in-person tuition to students whose first language is not English, to those who want to become more confident in daily or business conversation, or to those who need support with school work. ABOUT THE LESSON: In my lessons I teach written, spoken and listening comprehension and vocabulary in parallel. 

I teach all ages starting from 7 and ending with 65, so feel free to message me with your request :) 

My specialism is conversation classes and active communication, but I also teach written communication skills, reading comprehension, grammar and vocabulary. 

I customise my classes to meet your individual needs and I can help prepare you or your child for various exams, or cover themes relevant to your work. 


As an international french student, I had the opportunity to study in many countries. As so I acquired learning and teaching skills. I have good human contact and I ensure you will feel comfortable with me, I will try to make my tutoring as interactive and fun as possible. My school program changes each week, as so, I can offer more time to my regular students for the same price.

I graduated with the Sir Colin Lucas Prize at the University of Oxford and summa cum laude from Columbia University in the city of New York. I worked with New York Times writer Mark Lilla and currently have a book contract in English. In my spare time, I help students and my peers alike to hone their writing skills. Indeed, I have edited hundreds of essays of high school students wishing to attend top-tier universities in the US and the UK, and I would love to help you achieve your academic goals. In addition, I can maintain intellectually stimulating discussions and touch on various topics in English, and at the end of the session, I will provide you a list of what you can improve on. I will create a comfortable environment and make sure to correct every error so that you can ultimately speak eloquently and write coherently. Finally, I can also hone your vocabulary and grammar skills.

I specialize in tutoring English and French, both being my mother tongues. I am an experienced tutor who has been working with children for a few years. I tend to keep my classes relevant for my students’ needs and wants. What makes my classes different is my flexibility and approach on how a language can be taught with perfect efficiency. My classes put forward language in its communicative aspect the most. I am here to make my students speak the language and more precisely, live the language. It’s not about seeing it as a study subject but more as an undeniable factor of life.

I am a Spanish teacher for several private business preparation schools: HCE, ESCP, EDHEC, SKEMA, EM Lyon, BS, etc., Master Preparation, LV1 LV2, written and oral training, interviews, etc. I have a Master of Philosophy and more than fourteen years of experience in home tuition (for beginners and advanced students of any age). I help adults and students who wish to earn points average at school and earn their Bac diplom. I always try to adapt to the tastes and personality of each student, working on subjects that allow them to regain confidence in themselves. After a short test we will determine all your learning goals (school setting, occupational or recreational). If this is to increase the average at school, we will develop a training program focused on grammar and vocabulary. If you must acquire a lexicon related to your field of activity, we will organize role playing sessions and scenario. Thanks to my language skills, I was able to tutor in Germany and France for German, English or French. I also organized chat sessions for adults. We'll work with grammatical exercises and pronunciation. But I also use complementary methods such as movies, music etc. I provide all the necessary equipment.