BIOLOGY CLASSES: A-LEVEL BIOLOGY, ORDINARY-LEVEL BIOLOGY, COLLEGE STUDENTS

Homeostasis is one of the topics one should be expecting in examinations like IGCSE, GCSE, WASSCE, GCE, NECO, SAT. Osmoregulation (homeostasis)-in unicellular organism is ensured by the use of contractile vacuole. The main organs involved in homeostasis in multicellular organisms include kidney, liver, skin, ductless glands (hormones) and the brain which has the overall control of the homeostatic process in the body. The regulation of homeostasis depends on three mechanisms: 1. Receptor 2. Control Centre 3. Effector. The entire process continuously works to maintain homeostasis regulation. 1. Receptor: the receptor is the sensing component responsible for monitoring and responding to changes in the external or internal environment. 2. Control Centre: The control centre is also known as the integration centre. It receives and processes information from the receptor. 3. Effector: The effector responds to the commands of the control centre. It could either oppose or enhance the stimulus. Biological systems like those of your body are constantly being pushed away from their balance points. For instance, when you exercise, your muscles increase heat production, nudging your body temperature upward. Similarly, when you drink a glass of fruit juice, your blood glucose goes up. Homeostasis depends on the ability of your body to detect and oppose these changes. Roles of Pancreas and Liver in Homeostasis. During a meal, the pancreas will secrete insulin and suppress glucagon, causing the liver to store glucose as glycogen. Alternatively, when blood sugars are low, the liver can convert glycogen into glucose through a process known as glycogenolysis. The pancreas controls the concentration of glucose in the body by producing the hormones insulin and glucagon which stimulate the liver. Insulin and glucagon are chemical hormones messengers.

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