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Cell biology lessons in Hatfield

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Biology · Cell biology
Cell Biology is a fundamental topic in both the IGCSE and CIE AS/A Level Biology curricula. It focuses on the structure, function, and processesof cells, the basic units of life. Here's a breakdown of the content at each level: --- IGCSE Biology (0610/0970) At the IGCSE level, cell biology introduces foundational concepts about cells, their structures, and processes: 1. Cell Structure and Organization -The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life: - Differences between plant and animal cells. - Identification and functions of cell structures (organelles): - Cell membrane: Controls the movement of substances. - Cytoplasm: Site of metabolic reactions. - Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cell activities. - Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration. - Chloroplasts (plant cells): Site of photosynthesis. - Vacuole: Contains cell sap (large in plants). - Cell wall(plant cells): Provides structure and support. - Use of a light microscope to observe cells. 2. Specialization of Cells. - Specialized cells and their adaptations: - Red blood cells, nerve cells, root hair cells, ciliated cells, sperm cells, etc. - Understanding tissues, organs, and organ systems. 3. Movement of Substances - Processes for the movement of substances across membranes: - Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration. - Osmosis: Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. - Active transport: Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy. 4. Enzymes - Enzymes as biological catalysts and their role in cell processes. - Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration. CIE AS and A Level Biology (9700) At the AS/A Level, cell biology expands significantly, focusing on advanced concepts, cellular processes, and microscopy: 1. Cell Structure - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: - Prokaryotes (bacteria) lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. - Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) have a nucleus and organelles. - Structure and Function of Organelles: - Nucleus: Contains chromatin and nucleolus. - Mitochondria: Site of ATP production (aerobic respiration). - Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis. - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): - Rough ER: Protein transport and modification. - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis. - Golgi Apparatus: Modification, packaging, and transport of proteins. - Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion. - Chloroplasts (plants): Site of photosynthesis. - Cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer and fluid mosaic model. - Cell wall: Found in plants, fungi, and prokaryotes. - Microscopy: - Light microscopes and electron microscopes (TEM and SEM). - Calculations: magnification and actual size 2. Cell Membranes and Transport - Structure of the phospholipid bilayer (fluid mosaic model). - Functions of proteins in the membrane: carriers, channels, and receptors. - Transport mechanisms: - Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. - Endocytosis and exocytosis (bulk transport). 3. Cell Division - Mitosis: - Stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. - Importance of mitosis for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. - Meiosis: -Production of gametes. - Significance in genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment. 4. Cell Communication and Enzymes - Role of enzymes in metabolism (anabolic and catabolic reactions). - Cell signaling: How cells communicate via hormones and receptors. 5. Viruses - Virus structure and replication as non-cellular entities (e.g., HIV and influenza). - Summary - At the IGCSE level, cell biology focuses on basic cell structures, specialized cells, diffusion, osmosis, and enzyme functions. - At the AS/A Level, it covers advanced topics such as organelle structure, cell division, membrane transport, microscopy, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cell biology
Structure of the plasma membrane The plasma membrane is mainly composed of: Phospholipids: These amphipathic molecules (having both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part) are organized into a double lipid layer. This structure gives the membrane its semi-permeable barrier property. Proteins: They are integrated into the lipid bilayer and perform various functions: transport of molecules, reception of signals, cellular recognition, etc. Carbohydrates: Linked to lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins), they play an important role in cell recognition and cellular interactions. Function of the plasma membrane Selective barrier: The plasma membrane allows the selective passage of certain molecules while preventing others. Transport: Membrane proteins provide passive (simple or facilitated diffusion) or active (pumps) transport of molecules across the membrane. Receiving signals: Membrane receptors allow the cell to detect and respond to signals from its environment. Cell recognition: Molecules present on the surface of the membrane allow cells to recognize and interact with each other. Maintenance of homeostasis: The plasma membrane helps maintain a stable intracellular environment by regulating exchanges between the cell and its environment. Properties of the plasma membrane Fluidity: The plasma membrane is not a rigid structure but rather fluid, which allows it to deform and change shape. Asymmetry: The two faces of the plasma membrane have different compositions, which gives the membrane polarity. Plasma membrane models Fluid mosaic model: This model, the most accepted, describes the membrane as a constantly changing mosaic of lipids and proteins.
Cell biology
Cell biology · Earth and life sciences · Social studies
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Hagar
Amazing teacher, teaching well and good explanation.
Review by LEEN
Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry classes science subjects (London)
Abrar
He was really nice and explained well
Review by MIRA