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Physics
Cell Biology is a fundamental topic in both the IGCSE and CIE AS/A Level Biology curricula. It focuses on the structure, function, and processesof cells, the basic units of life. Here's a breakdown of the content at each level: --- IGCSE Biology (0610/0970) At the IGCSE level, cell biology introduces foundational concepts about cells, their structures, and processes: 1. Cell Structure and Organization -The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life: - Differences between plant and animal cells. - Identification and functions of cell structures (organelles): - Cell membrane: Controls the movement of substances. - Cytoplasm: Site of metabolic reactions. - Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cell activities. - Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration. - Chloroplasts (plant cells): Site of photosynthesis. - Vacuole: Contains cell sap (large in plants). - Cell wall(plant cells): Provides structure and support. - Use of a light microscope to observe cells. 2. Specialization of Cells. - Specialized cells and their adaptations: - Red blood cells, nerve cells, root hair cells, ciliated cells, sperm cells, etc. - Understanding tissues, organs, and organ systems. 3. Movement of Substances - Processes for the movement of substances across membranes: - Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration. - Osmosis: Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. - Active transport: Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy. 4. Enzymes - Enzymes as biological catalysts and their role in cell processes. - Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration. CIE AS and A Level Biology (9700) At the AS/A Level, cell biology expands significantly, focusing on advanced concepts, cellular processes, and microscopy: 1. Cell Structure - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: - Prokaryotes (bacteria) lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. - Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) have a nucleus and organelles. - Structure and Function of Organelles: - Nucleus: Contains chromatin and nucleolus. - Mitochondria: Site of ATP production (aerobic respiration). - Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis. - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): - Rough ER: Protein transport and modification. - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis. - Golgi Apparatus: Modification, packaging, and transport of proteins. - Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion. - Chloroplasts (plants): Site of photosynthesis. - Cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer and fluid mosaic model. - Cell wall: Found in plants, fungi, and prokaryotes. - Microscopy: - Light microscopes and electron microscopes (TEM and SEM). - Calculations: magnification and actual size 2. Cell Membranes and Transport - Structure of the phospholipid bilayer (fluid mosaic model). - Functions of proteins in the membrane: carriers, channels, and receptors. - Transport mechanisms: - Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. - Endocytosis and exocytosis (bulk transport). 3. Cell Division - Mitosis: - Stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. - Importance of mitosis for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. - Meiosis: -Production of gametes. - Significance in genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment. 4. Cell Communication and Enzymes - Role of enzymes in metabolism (anabolic and catabolic reactions). - Cell signaling: How cells communicate via hormones and receptors. 5. Viruses - Virus structure and replication as non-cellular entities (e.g., HIV and influenza). - Summary - At the IGCSE level, cell biology focuses on basic cell structures, specialized cells, diffusion, osmosis, and enzyme functions. - At the AS/A Level, it covers advanced topics such as organelle structure, cell division, membrane transport, microscopy, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cell biology
Math · Algebra · Statistics
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Cambridge International GCSE: Biology / Chemistry / Physics / Mathematics (Tokyo)
Benson
After my first lesson with Benson, i have felt more confidence in my skills with chemistry than i have in many years. Where I previously felt very subconscious and unable to answer questions, i have now been able to answer difficult IB exams questions with ease. Benson provided me a safe and comfortable environment which has left me excited for my next class at school to show what i have learned with a fresh confidence! I highly recommend this tutor to anyone who struggles with confidence in both themselves and their subjects.
Review by TIA

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